Investment Return Formulas
Total return on a lump sum:
FV = PV × (1 + r)^t
PV = initial investment | r = annual return | t = years
CAGR (Compound Annual Growth Rate):
CAGR = (Ending Value ÷ Beginning Value)^(1 ÷ Years) − 1
With annual contributions:
FV = PMT × [(1 + r)^t − 1] ÷ r
PMT = annual contribution (end of year)
Texas example — $$11,958/year at 7%:
- After 10 years: $165,217 ($119,580 contributed)
- After 20 years: $490,224 ($239,160 contributed)
- After 30 years: $1,129,562 ($358,740 contributed + $770,822 gains)